Social and cultural history of andhra pradesh pdf

Satavahanas were not only the able rulers but were also lovers of literacy and architecture. The 17th ruler of this dynasty, Hala was himself a great poet and his in Gathasaptasati in Prakrit was well received by all.

The decline and fall of the Satavahana empire left the Andhra country in a p. Local rulers as well as invaders tried to carve out small kingdoms for themselves and to establish dynasties.

During the period from A. Such instability continued to prevail until the rise of the Eastern Chalukyas. Important among them were the Ikshvakus. The Puranas mention them as the tP Sriparvatiyas. The present Nagarjunakonda was then known as Sriparvata and Vijayapuri, near it, was their capital. They patronised Buddhism, though they followed the vedic ritualism.

After the Ikshvakus, a part of the Andhra region north of the river Krishna was ruled over by Jayavarma of Brihatphalayana gotra. Next to rule were the Vishnukundins who occupied the territory between the Krishna and Godavari. It is believed that their capital was Indrapura, which can be Sm identified with the modern Indrapalagutta in Ramannapet taluk of Nalgonda district. The area south of the Krishna fell to the share of the Pallavas, who ruled from Kanchi. The Vakatakas occupied the present Telangana.

This state of affairs continued with few changes up to the beginning of the 7th century A. Buddhism continued, though in a decadent form during this period.

Mahayanism gave wide currency to the belief that the installation and worship of Buddha and Bodhisattva images, and the erection of stupas conferred great merit. The Madhyamika School of thought in Mahayana was propounded by Nagarjuna. The Vishnukundins extended patronage to architecture and sculpture. The cave temples at Mogalrajapuram and Undavalli near Vijayawada bear testimony to their artistic taste. The period of Andhra history, between A. During this period, Desi, the indigenous Telugu language, emerged as a literary medium overthrowing the in domination of Prakrit and Sanskrit.

As a result, Andhradesa achieved an identity and a distinction of its own as an important constituent of Indian Cultural set-up. This change was brought by strong historical forces, namely, the Eastern and p. Western Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas and the early Cholas.

Kakatiyas came to power during the later half of this period and extended their rule over the entire Telugu land with the exception of a small land in the northeast. Arts, crafts, language and literature flourished under their benevolent patronage. Eastern Chalukyas in p. This dynasty was a branch of the Chalukyas of Badami. His dynasty, known as re the Eastern Chalukyas, ruled for nearly four centuries.

Vishnuvardhana extended his dominions up to Srikakulam in the north and Nellore in the south. He was succeeded by his son Jayasimha I A. Between A. Then followed a period of unrest characterised by family feuds and weak rulers. In the meanwhile, the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed ousted Chalukyas of Badami.

The weak rulers of Vengi had to meet the challenge of the Rashtrakutas, who overran their kingdom more than once. There was no Eastern ar Chalukya ruler who could check them until Gunaga Vijayaditya came to power in A.

He also failed to face the Rashtrakutas, and the then Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha treated him as his ally. He started on a campaign to the south and achieved Sm some notable success. He ruled for 44 years and passed away in A.

Rashtrakutas again attacked the Vengi kingdom during this period but were repulsed effectively by Vengi and came to an understanding with Rashtrakutas and treated them as his allies. They were able to maintain their independence till the Chalukyas of Kalyani in A. Contemporaries to the Eastern Chalukyas were the Eastern Gangas in the northeast and the Pallavas in the south. The first known ruler of this dynasty was Indravarma 6th century A. He had his capital at Dantapura, but later shifted to Kalinganagara Mukhalingam in Srikakulam district.

The Gangas ruled with their capital in Andhra for nearly five centuries, until it was shifted to Cuttack at the end of the 11th century A. The early Eastern Gangas were ruling a small territory in Srikakulam district in the Telugu land. The Pallava rule, which was earlier eclipsed by the onslaught of the Kalabhras, in was revived during the last quarter of the 6th century A.

The earliest Pallava ruler was Virakurcha and the most famous of them p. An inscription noticed at Manchikallu, near Macherla in Guntur district is the earliest epigraphical record of the Pallava family. The entire territory south of the Krishna held sway over by Mahendravarman A.

From the 7th century A. The conflict continued for a long time with varying degrees of success. But the extermination of the Chalukyas of Badami by the Rashtrakutas gave respite to the Pallavas to consolidate their power. The Pallavas continued till the end of the 9th century tP A. Their rule extended over the present-day Karimnagar and Nizamabad districts. As subordinate rulers loyal to the Rashtrakutas, they ruled with semi-independent status for about two centuries A.

The rule of the Vemulavada Sm Chalukyas coincided with that of the Rashtrakutas. One peculiarity with this family is that it traced its descent from the Sun, while many other Chalukya families considered themselves as of lunar descent. The Cholas attained the status of a major power in south India under the valiant leadership of Rajaraja I A. Two rebel princes of the Eastern Chalukya family sought refuge in his court. Rajaraja I utilised the claim of one of these princes, Saktivarma, as a pretext for intervening in the affairs of Vengi.

But the Telugu country became a cockpit of battles between the Cholas and the Chalukyas of Kalyani who supported a rival claimant to the throne of the Vengi each time. The Eastern Chalukyas occupied a prominent place in the history of Andhra in Pradesh. Though they were originally of Kannada stock, they patronised Telugu and gave fillip to it.

Since the time of Gunaga Vijayaditya, inscriptions show Telugu stanzas, culminating in the production of literary works.

Later on, in the 11th century under the patronage of the then Eastern Chalukya king, Rajaraja, the p.

At the time of Chalukya conquest three religions, Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism, were prevalent. Of these, Buddhism was on the wane. The Buddhist Aramas were transformed into pilgrim centres by the resurgent Hinduism. Jainism lingered on, re and an appreciable section of the people paid homage to the Tirthankaras.

Hinduism enjoyed the status of a national religion throughout the kingdom. Temples were built which played an important role in the religious life of the people and the temples of Siva at Chalukya Bhimavaram and Draksharama are tP among them. The 12th century A. The Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, ar who were at first successful in overthrowing the Eastern Chalukyas, were driven out after 17 years by the Imperial Cholas with the help of local chiefs.

But the latter did not rule directly and thought it prudent to leave the kingdom to the feudatories themselves in lieu of nominal allegiance. Kakatiyas in p. The 12th and the 13th centuries saw the emergence of the Kakatiyas. They were at first the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana, ruling over a small territory near Warangal.

A ruler of this dynasty, Prola II, who ruled from A. His successor Rudra A. He built a fort at Warangal to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the Yadavas of Devagiri. The next ruler Mahadeva extended the tP kingdom to the coastal area. He was the greatest of the Kakatiyas and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule.

He put an end to the rule of the Velanati Cholas in ar A. He forced the Telugu Cholas of Vikramasimhapura to accept his suzerainty. He established order in his vast dominion and encouraged trade. Some generals, who did not like to be ruled by her, rebelled.

She could, however, suppress the internal rebellions and external invasions with the help of loyal subordinates. The Cholas and the Yadavas suffered such set backs at her hands that they did not think of troubling her for the rest of her rule.

Prataparudra succeeded his grandmother Rudramba in A. He pushed the western border of his kingdom up to Raichur. He introduced many administrative reforms.

He divided the kingdom into 75 Nayakships, which was later adopted and developed by the Rayas of Vijayanagara. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district.

It provoked another invasion of the Muslims. He laid siege to Warangal, but owing to internal dissensions he called off the siege and in returned to Delhi.

Within a short period, he came back with a much bigger army. In spite of unpreparedness, Prataparudra fought bravely. For want of supplies, he surrendered to the enemy who sent him to Delhi as a prisoner, and he died on the way. Thus ended the Kakatiya rule, opening the gates of the Telugu land to p. The Kakatiya period was rightly called the brightest period of the Telugu history. The entire Telugu speaking area was under the kings who spoke Telugu and re encouraged Telugu.

They established order throughout the strife torn land and the forts built by them played a dominant role in the defence of the realm. The administration of the kingdom was organized with accent on the military. They sought to reconcile the Vaishnavites and the Saivites through the worship of Harihara.

Arts and literature found patrons in the Sm Kakatiyas and their feudatories. Tikkana Somayaji, who adorned the court of the Telugu Chola ruler Manumasiddhi II, wrote the last 15 cantos of the Mahabharata which was lying unfinished. Sanskrit, which could not find a place in the Muslim- occupied north, received encouragement at the hands of the Kakatiyas. Prataparudra was himself a writer and he encouraged other literature. The Kakatiya dynasty expressed itself best through religious art.

Kakatiya art preserved the balance between architecture and sculpture, that is, while valuing sculpture, it laid emphasis on architecture where due. The most important of these temples are those at Palampeta, Hanamkonda and the incomplete one in the Warangal fort. The figures in the temple are of a heterogeneous character comprising gods, goddesses, warriors, acrobats, in musicians, mithuna pairs in abnormal attitudes and dancing girls. The sculptures, especially of the dancing girls, possess the suggestion of movement and pulsating life.

A striking peculiarity of this temple is the figure-brackets which spring from the shoulders of the outer pillars of the temple. The figure-brackets are mere p. This temple, dedicated to Siva, Vishnu and Surya, is star-shaped. The Nandi pavilion, in which a huge granite bull still stands, the beautiful entrances to the shrine, the pierced slabs used for screens and windows, and the elegant open work by which tP the bracket-shafts are attached to the pillars are the other most interesting features of this temple.

The temple in the Warangal fort, believed to have been built by Kakatiya ar Ganapati, was constructed making use of large slabs.

The floor of the shrine is beautifully polished and shines like a mirror. The architecture and sculpture of these temples are thus conventional to a degree but no one can deny their magnificence nor can any one fail to see the rich imagination, patient industry and skilful workmanship of the builders of the temples of the Kakatiya period.

After the fall of Kakatiyas, uncertainty prevailed over the region. Several small kingdoms came into existence, Musunuri Nayakas occupied Warangal from Muslims and ruled between A. A movement was started at Rekapalli on the bank of the Godavari under the leadership of Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka and his cousin Kapaya Nayaka and succeeded in driving away the Muslims from the Telugu country in A.

Kapaya Nayaka became the ruler in A. They were dethroned by Recherla Chiefs and ruled the entire Telangana from A. The coastal area was ruled by the Reddis of Kondavidu between A. Addanki was their first capital which was later shifted to Kondavidu. There was in also another branch of Reddis at Rajahmundry.

In due course, Reddi kingdom disappeared in the hands of Vijayanagar kings, and Gajapatis of Orissa in the frequent battles with each other. The Gajapatis of Orissa with Cuttack as their capital extended their territory far into Telugu land by conquering the Reddis of p. Rajahmundry in A. They also occupied some parts of the Bahmani kingdom.

But, Vijayanagar king, Krishnadevaraya, occupied the entire Telugu region that was in the possession of Gajapatis. The renowned poet Srinatha, and one of the three great poets who wrote the Mahabharata in Telugu, Errapraggada lived in that age.

Bahmani Sultans The disastrous fall of Warangal in A. To stabilise his position, Hasan waged wars to annexe the two neighbouring Hindu kingdoms, Warangal, under the Musunuri Nayakas, and Vijayanagar, which was under the in Rayas. He occupied the area up to the river Tungabhadra in A. The Hindu rulers, however, reoccupied their lost territory during the period between A.

Harihara Raya II of p. By the end of the 15th century the Bahmani rule was plagued with faction fights and there came into existence the five Shahi kingdoms, the Nizamshahis of Ahmadnagar, the Adilshahis of Bijapur, the ar Imadshahis of Berar, the Qutbshahis of Golconda and the Baridshahis of Bidar.

Thereafter, the rule of the Bahmani dynasty came to an end in A. Of the five Shahi dynasties, it was the Qutbshahi dynasty that played a significant and notable role in the history of Andhras. Vijayanagar in p. The year A. It was founded by two Sangama brothers, Harihara and Bukka, with the blessings of a great saint patriot of medieval India, Vidyaranya, and Harihara became its first ruler.

It was that great kingdom which, by resisting the onslaughts tP of Muslims, championed the cause of Hindu civilisation and culture in its polity, its learning and arts. They later established a new city on the southern bank of Tungabhadra, opposite Anegondi, and gave a name to it as Vijayanagar or Vidyanagar.

They expanded their territory by occupying the Udayagiri fort in the Nellore region and Penukonda fort from Hoyasalas. Meanwhile the Bahmani Kingdom came into Sm existence in the Deccan. In the conflicts between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar, Harihara-I lost some territory. After his death in A. On account of frequent wars with Bahmanis, Bukka could not do anything in the initial period, however, he conquered Madhura and extended his territory to the south up to Rameswaram.

Harihara II A. This led to clashes with the Velamas of Rachakonda in Telangana. To counter attack, Rachakonda sought help from Bahmanis and this checkmated Harihara II from proceeding further into Telangana. The extension of Vijayanagar territory towards northwest gave it control over the ports of Goa, Chaul, and Dabhol and led to an expansion of commerce and ensuing prosperity. His reign also in saw the commencement of hostilities between the Gajapatis of Kalinga and the Rayas of Vijayanagar.

Devaraya I passed away in A. His sons, Ramachandraraya and Vijayaraya I, who ruled one after the other, did not do anything significant. The next ruler, Devaraya II A. He effected the conquest of Kondavidu and carried his arms into Kerala, subjugating the ruler of Quilon and other chieftains. The writings of Abdul Razzak, re the Persian ambassador, who visited south India during the reign of Devaraya II, bear testimony to the supremacy of the king over many ports of south India.

The relations between the Vijayanagar and Bahmani tP kingdoms continued to be hostile during the reign of Devaraya II also. Devaraya was a great builder and a patron of poets. Extensive commerce and revenues from various sources contributed to the prosperity of the Vijayanagar kingdom ar under him. But the kings who succeeded Devaraya II were quite incompetent and allowed the empire to disintegrate.

To add to this, there was pressure from Bahmani Sultans. Sm The Portuguese were also rapidly trying to establish themselves on the west coast and in the ports along it. The Vijayanagar minister, Saluva Narasimha, who usurped the throne in A. Thus the Saluva line of kings came to rule Vijayanagar. However, he had to spend a good deal of his time and energy putting down many rebel chieftains. He died in A.

Narasanayaka assumed himself the power as a regent in A. Narasanayaka died in A. His son, Vira Narasimha, succeeded him as the regent and proclaimed himself as a ruler in A.

The period of Krishnadevaraya was considered as the golden age of the Vijayanagar history. He was a great warrior, statesman, administrator and a patron of arts. His first task was to repulse the Bahmanis. He occupied Raichur doab, carried the war up to Gulbarga and returned successfully. He extended his in dominion in the east and north-east by defeating the Gajapatis of Orissa in A.

Krishna Devaraya died in A. After his death, Vijayanagar kingdom started p. There was a tussle for power and the rulers spent their time in struggle against internal revolts. The five Muslim rulers in Deccan kingdom, took this opportunity, united and formed a league and marched towards Vijayanagar with combined forces. In a decisive battle fought on the 23rd January, re on the south bank of the Krishna near the village of Rakkasi Tangadi, Vijayanagar was defeated and Ramaraya, who led the Vijayanagar armies, was killed.

Tirumalaraya, the younger brother of Ramaraya, along with his puppet ruler, Sadasivaraya fled to Penukonda in Anantapur district with all the treasure. Uninhibited looting of the city by the Muslim rulers as well as the ruthless robbers went on for days together. Never perhaps in the history of the world has such havoc been ar brought and wrought on such a splendid city teening with a wealthy and industrious population in prosperity one day and on the next seized, pillaged and reduced to ruins amid scenes of savage measures and horrors beggaring description.

Sm Tirumalaraya after reaching Penukonda ruled for some time and tried his best to rebuild the empire but failed. The last ruler of Vijayanagar dynasty was Sriranga A. The Rayas of Vijayanagar regarded all sects of Hindus alike, built temples to Siva and Vishnu and patronised them by lavish grants. They patronised even Jains and Muslims.

The Vijayanagar architecture fused various elements of the Chalukya and Chola art, and produced extremely beautiful gopuras and mantapas. The most typical of them can be found at Tirupati, Tadpatri, Srikalahasti and Penukonda. The Tadpatri and Lepakshi temples are the notable examples of Vijayanagar architecture and sculpture. Simultaneously, Sanskrit and other languages were encouraged by the Vijayanagar rulers.

The renowned Telugu poet Srinatha was honoured with Kanakabhisheka by Proudhadevaraya of the first dynasty of the rulers. Particularly, the reign of Krishnadevaraya marked a new era in the literary history of south India. He was himself a scholar and authored Amuktamalyada, a celebrated Telugu work.

The greatest of them was Allasani Peddana whose famous work Manucharitra heralded the eminence of the native genius of Telugus. Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the dynasty, served the Bahmanis faithfully and was appointed governor of Telangana in A. He declared independence after the death of his patron king, Mahmud Shah, in A.

Industrial policies— Main features of industrial development in India — sectoral composition — Roles of private and public sectors in employment , productivity — Role of IT industries in development. Resources and Development Types of resources — Physical capital and finance capital — Population- size, composition and growth—Trends; Occupational Distribution of Work force — Human Development Index as a measurement of development.

Demographic Dividend. Current account imbalances; FDI. Inflation , its causes and remedies; Budget — taxes and non-tax revenue. Land reforms in Andhra Pradesh — Cropping pattern — Irrigation Policy of Andhra Pradesh — sources of agricultural finances -agricultural subsidies — public distribution system in Andhra Pradesh.

P Bifurcation Act — central assistance and issues of conflict — public debt and projects of external assistance. Questions on General Science will cover General appreciation and understanding of science including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any particular scientific discipline.

In current events, knowledge of significant national and international events will be tested. In History of India, emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic and political aspects. Questions on Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of Nationalism and attainment of independence. In geography emphasis will be on geography of India. Questions on geography of India will relate to physical, social and economic geography of the country, including the main features of the Indian agricultural and natural resources.

On general mental ability, the candidates will be tested on reasoning and analytical abilities. Disaster Management a. Man made disasters — Prevention strategies. Community development experiment — 3 tier model of Panchayat Raj — 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation.