Layout design and construction handbook

The overall dimension of the building and the parameters of the slope of the foundation recess, if necessary and the assem- bly parameters of precast elements are taken as a starting point. The vertical chart should be presented on the construction site layout CSL or on a separate sheet.

Suggestions for choosing construction cranes 55 The required lifting capacity in tons is determined for the placement of various heavy precast elements in the most difficult lifting conditions of the crane.

For this purpose, the heaviest and furthest elements from the standing position are chosen, and their assembly parameters calculated. These results should be presented in the form presented in Table 4. The tower crane is chosen on the basis of a comparison between the assembly parameters of the elements hoisted and the lifting parameters of the crane, as shown in Table 4. An example of presenting technical data of a suitable tower crane for particu- lar precast elements is presented in Figure 4.

Here it should be borne in mind that determining the type of crane and its lifting capacity and the geometrical linking of the crane track to the building axes are iterative processes. Assembly parameters of precast elements Lifting parameters of the crane Precast Assembly Assembly height m Assembly Trademark and technical Selected working parameters concrete weight t radius m data element Maximum radius m Working radius m Lifting capacity t Load take up Load take up Lifting height m Over lifting Tower height m Mounting Element Element device height device Total Total g1 g2 Gmax h1 h2 h3 h4 Hmax Rmax 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 Wall panel When determining the mounting height of the element see column 6 , the actual standing level of the crane measured from its bearing surface must be considered, not solely the assembly height set in the project.

The assembly radius of the crane column 11 depends on the assembly weight and the chosen assembly scheme — if one or several elements are mounted from one position, etc. Tower cranes moving on rails must be positioned next to the building under construction in order to comply with safety requirements, that is there must be safe distance between the closest parts of the building and the crane, and the edge of the a HC C 25 12 Figure 4.

Suggestions for choosing construction cranes 59 Building under construction Nearest longitudinal axis d2 Slewing radius of crane s1 D1 r1 Crane track axis Figure 4.

The distance D1 of the crane track axis from the nearest longi- tudinal axis of the building is presented in Figure 4. The crane track can be built only on the grounds of a rati- fied outline project solution. When setting the crane track in the proximity of a recess or trench with unsupported sides, their depth h5 must be taken into account along with the soil grain so that the edge of the crane track underlay nearest to the recess would be outside the collaps- ing prism of the recess slope, as shown in Figure 4.

While determining the distance d4 between the lower edge of the crane track underlay and rail axis, the particular parame- ters and requirements of chosen crane should be considered. When longitudinally linking the crane to the building under construction, the following must be determined: 1 the outermost stopping points of the crane in relation to the ends of the building; 2 the necessary length of the crane track. Prior to the longitudinal link, the cross-linking of the crane must be completed, that is the location of the axis of the crane track has to be determined and executed as per the CSL.

The outermost marks made on the axis of the crane track will determine the outermost stopping points of the crane. The calculated length of the crane track is adjusted upwards depending on the length of the track way link according to producer.

The longitudinal linking of the tower crane to the building under construction is presented in Figure 4. The safety distance between the slewing radius of the crane undercarriage or other overhanging part of the crane taken from reference books and the safety fence should be at least 0.

The outermost stopping points of the crane should be drawn on the CSL and marked on the ground so that the markings are clearly visible to the crane operator and slinger. Continuous danger factors occur where the displacement of loads takes place with the help of lifting devices assembling and loading machinery. Such areas must be surrounded by safety or signal fences.

The meaning of safety fences here is structures that prevent an outsider accidentally gaining access to the dangerous area. The impact range of danger factors is around the building and its floors, and within the working area of the crane, where assembly and demolition of building components takes place.

These areas are surrounded with signal fencing. The meaning of signal fencing here is structures that caution against danger factors and mark the areas of restricted access on the construc- tion site. When working in these areas, special organisational and tech- nical precautions must be applied that ensure safety. The danger areas around the building are presented in Figure 4.

Assembly area here means the land surrounding the building, wherein assembled elements or units could fall. This area should be marked on the CSL. The assembly area should be considered potentially dangerous.

For a building up to 20 m high, the width of the area s is 5 m. If the building is higher, the width increases as shown in Figure 4. Materials must not be stored in the assembly area, or in the crane track area iso- lated by signal fencing. The boundary of the assem- bly area is marked on the CSL, for example as shown in Figure 4.

Only assembly cranes and lifting machinery can be placed within these boundaries. Suggestions for choosing construction cranes 67 crane, and these will be marked out on the CSL. In the building site area, passages within the assembly area must be covered with pents see Figure 3. The service area working area of the crane R1 refers to the land that is within the boundary drawn by the crane hook when moving an assembled unit.

In the case of a tower crane, this will be determined on the CSL by semicircles equal to the maximum reach of the jib Rmax necessary for assembly in the outermost working positions of the crane, and the connecting straight lines in case there are no limitations on the moving range of the load, which might derive from construction site conditions.

The load movement area R2 refers to the area where the farthest end of an assembled unit of maximum length hanging from the crane hook can move. The risk area of the crane refers to the area within which the removable load part may fall to the ground, taking into con- sideration possible deviation dispersion from the vertical when falling. The hoist danger area s also depends on the height of construc- tion and is presented in Figure 4.

Impact areas of the tower crane in vertical section are presented in Figure 4. The danger area over the building during construction of its upper floors is characterised by Figure 4. The danger areas that develop over the building are drawn on the CSL during the vertical linking of the crane, but similarly they are drawn on the technological map, if such is compiled.

These options vary accord- ing to crane type as well as to the number of cranes used simultaneously. The location and quantities of other important construction site elements, such as temporary roads and storage sites, etc. For long rectangular-shaped buildings, the tower cranes are positioned either on one or two sides of the building, depend- ing on the width of the building, the lifting parameters of the cranes and the construction site conditions.

For long buildings the building under construction and the crane track are divided into several zones cycles. The length of each zone should not be less than double the working radius of the crane plus 5 m. Within the limits of each zone only one crane is generally allowed to work, the other crane must work in another zone or stand still with the boom turned in the oppo- site direction. In Figure 4. It is possible to place hoists for lifting materials as well as peo- ple on the other side of the building during construction.

A deficiency of this crane positioning is that it is a relatively more complicated arrangement of the simultaneous work of two cranes with reference to provide job safety. Another option for two cranes to work simultaneously is pre- sented in Figure 4.

The crane positioning scheme and safety distances presented in Figure 4. Because of safety regulations, both cranes cannot work simul- taneously in the area of the same lateral axis of the building. The whole working front of the building, particularly on a long building, has to be divided into assembly zones cycles as when two cranes are positioned on one side of the building.

Suggestions for choosing construction cranes 77 addition, schemes for carrying units to the mounting sites must be determined, coordinate the crane working schedules and the immediate executors of tasks provided with timely and necessary information. One more option, the simultaneous work of two cranes posi- tioned between two buildings under construction, is depicted in Figure 4.

The assembly height, that is the maximum required height of the hook Hmax, is calculated the same way as for the tower crane in Equation 4. After choosing particular crane c7, ho and cB should be checked and amended if necessary. Based on the safety distances s3 and s4, point A is calculated, which is the nearest possible point of the crane boom towards the unit. After that it is possible to draw the horizontal projection of the boom l2.

If the unit is assembled with an extended lattice jib see Figure 4. When making the decision about a specific crane, a check should be made as to whether the calculated boom length, radius and lifting capacity are sufficient to mount the unit respective to the chosen assembly scheme of the crane. When using a mobile crane with varying boom lengths, the chart of lifting parameters varies by each of the various boom lengths. In Table 4.

Assembly parameters of precast elements Precast Assembly weight t Assembly height m Assembly concrete radius Element Load Total Mounting Over Element Load Total element m take up height lifting take up device device g1 g2 Gmax h1 h2 h3 h4 Hmax Rmax 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Column This is done in similar fashion to the tower crane, as shown in Equations 4.

The required lifting capacity and lifting height of the mobile crane is determined for placement of various weights of precast elements and for most difficult lifting conditions of a crane. For this purpose, the most heavy and furthest elements from the crane standing position are chosen, and their assembly parameters are cal- culated, as shown in Table 4. The assembly radius Rmax is determined from the working scheme chosen, that is the sequence of mounting elements and the number of units planned to be lifted from the same standing position, etc.

Based on the assembly parameters in Table 4. The technical data for the chosen cranes is recorded, as shown in Table 4.

The working parameters of crane then have to be set according to the assembly scheme chosen and compared with the calcu- lated assembly parameters of the precast elements see Table 4.

This can be accomplished by comparing the crane lifting charts with the required assembly parameters. The lifting charts can be presented differently by different crane producers see Figure 4. From this working radius, the chosen crane is able to lift to a height of 22 m, which also exceeds the required From this we can conclude that this crane is sufficient for lifting this particular column from the chosen working radius.

A similar exercise is completed for all other elements in the table. Table 4. Gmax G vs. The movement, positioning and operation of construction machinery in proximity to recesses, trenches and holes without extra support is allowed only at a distance determined in the plan of construction works, and must to be outside the margins of the recess slope collapse prism. The positioning of the crane can depend on the depth of the recess and the soil as shown in Figure 4.

If working with outriggers, the distance is taken from the centre of the outrigger. In contrast to the tower crane, this is done for every assembly position separately or only for the outermost positions.

Suggestions for choosing construction cranes 89 7. For mobile cranes equipped with a boom fall prevention device Figure 4. When lifting higher than 10 m, it is cal- culated similarly to s2 for tower cranes as shown in Figure 4. The width of the danger area of the slewing base of a lifting device as with an excavator is the sum of the radius of the slewing part and the safety distance 1 m.

If the manufacturer has not given higher safety requirements in the technical documentation for the machine, the safety dis- tance within the working area of the device will be taken as being 5 m from its moving parts and appliances. The protection zone of an aerial power line is in the form of areal space bounded on both sides by imaginary vertical lines along the areal line axes see Figure 4. See also the Electrical Safety Law. Surveillance area Danger area Bound of surveillance area Bound of danger area Figure 4.

Store of construction materials and use of lifting machinery are prohibited in the surveillance area without the agreement of the organisation that controls the line. Construction work in live overhead line surveillance area is acceptable only with written authorisation from the organi- sation that controls the line. This means that this is not only a permission but exact instructions of how works should be arranged.

The construction works have to be conducted under direct supervision of a white-collar worker responsible for job safety. One copy is given to the crane operator and the other to the person responsible for job safety foreman, supervisor, etc. If con- struction works are executed on the territory of an operating company, the work order must also have the signature of the person responsible from this company.

Before starting works in the surveillance area, the power must be disconnected from the overhead lines if possible. When voltage is kV or higher, construction machinery may only work under live overhead lines if the distance between any outlying part or removable unit of construction machinery and the lowest part of the overhead line is not smaller than the distances of surveillance area see Figure 4.

The safety distance s7 from the slewing axis of the crane to the nearest outermost wire of the power line Figure 4. The width of the area should be at least 5 m calculated from the outer con- tour of the hoist on the plan. Safety requires that the upper ceiling of a building in service must not be in the danger area of the operating crane.

If the lower floors of the building are still in the danger area of the crane, the windows facing the construction site must be covered with strong panels 9. The entrance facing the construction site 7 must be closed for the time of construction and taken to the safe side of the building 8.

The construction site fence bordering the building in service should be equipped with a protective screen The mini- mum width of the passage between the construction site fence and the building in service must be at least 1—1.

For the situation presented in Figure 4. Suggestions for choosing construction cranes 97 4. The restrictions applied are either compulsory or conventional. Compulsory restrictions are performed by installing sensors and limit switches. Conventional restrictions are oriented directly to the attention and experience of the crane operator, slinger or assembler.

The reference points for following conventional restrictions are marked on the construction site with clearly visible signs: red flags during daylight and additional red lights or a lantern gar- land during darkness warn the crane operators of when they are approaching the restricted area.

The location of warning signs reference points and their design is indicated on the CSL. If they are relocated due to a change of assembly scheme, the crane operators and assemblers will be duly notified.

In order to ensure that conventional restrictions will be fol- lowed, the instruction of works management is drawn up for each specific situation. All particular requirements relating to crane operations are drawn onto the CSL, with necessary explanations providing an unambiguous and complete interpretation of the presented solution.

Chapter 5 Suggestions for calculating resource requirements Chapter outline 5. The timely and proper completion of access roads significantly influences the course and costs of construction. Permanent roads are generally built after levelling of the area and completion of drainage and utility networks. Those per- manent roads on the other hand that are usable for transport of construction materials and which do not interfere with overall construction site management may be built earlier together with temporary roads linking them to the unified road network of the construction site.

Suggestions for calculating resource requirements Temporary roads should preferably be built on the alignment of future permanent roads without laying the last coating. Only if temporary roads lead to temporary storage areas or to build- ings away from the alignments of permanent roads should the cost of temporary roads be calculated to the full extent.

Safer construction site traf- fic schemes are circular and one-way traffic schemes, which help to prevent vehicle collisions and traffic jams. When plan- ning roads, dead ends that make it difficult for drivers to turn the vehicle around to drive out of the construction site should be avoided. It is unacceptable to build temporary road over under- ground utility networks and in direct proximity to the setting up of utility networks, as this could result in slope collapse and deformation of wearing surface.

The construction site layout must precisely indicate with sym- bols and explanatory notes the entrance and exit roads, traffic directions, turning places, stopping area for vehicles for unloading and all the linking scales of the planned road units.

On construction site with an area of over 5 ha, there must be at least two entrances on each side of the site. In front of the construction site entrance, a traffic scheme must be installed for vehicles with clearly visible traffic signs no entrance, limited speed, etc.

The width of the drive section on a single-lane road is 3. In case of heavier vehicles 25—30 t or more , the width of the road can increase up to 8 m.

Suggestions for calculating resource requirements In the case of single-lane traffic, road extensions of up to 6 m are constructed with the length of 12—18 m to ensure passing space for vehicles travelling in opposite directions.

Road exten- sions are also built in the area of loading works, for example in the crane service area. Such passing places are made for at least every m section of road. The turning radius of the road is selected in accordance with the manoeuvring capability of vehicles, but is not less than 12 m. In curves, the width of the road must be increased to 5 m. Minimum visibility requirements on the road surface are at least 50 m for single-lane and 30 m for two-lane road. The basis for selecting a road type is traffic density, the type and mass of construction machinery and the construction site geological and hydrogeological data.

If the bearing capacity and hydrogeological condition of the soil are good, then surface-dressed roads are generally built on smaller sites. Furthermore, it must be borne in mind that prestressed concrete surface slabs can be used three or four times against only one or two times for normal concrete slabs. If a temporary road crosses a railway, boarding with a counter rail has to be installed in the crossing area and the counter rail has to be installed at the same level as the head of the rail.

Surface-dressed roads are used for one-lane roads with a traffic density of up to three cars per hour where there are well- drained soils see Figure 5. Suggestions for calculating resource requirements of a grader. In the case of heavy loads or an unfavourable sub-base, the road is reinforced with a profiled macadam, gravel or slag covering. The laid coverings are compacted by rolling. In the case of intense car traffic, the reinforced macadam, gravel or slag covering is laid on a sand sub-base compacted with heavy rollers beforehand.

The main construction materials — gravel, bricks, concrete elements, etc. Stores of materials in the storehouses should be as small as possible while still being enough to ensure uninterrupted work.

Construction site storage can be divided into open, closed and half-open storage. Open storage is intended for those materials that do not need protection from weather, such as gravel, con- crete and precast concrete elements, bricks, ceramic pipes, etc. Open storage is mainly located within the range of the tower crane to avoid the need for separate conveyance of assembly units. Only in exceptional cases due to construction site restric- tions the precast elements can be stored outside the range of assembly crane.

Closed storage can be heatable or non-heatable. During construction inventory, temporary buildings are broadly used as closed storage. Half open storage — pents — are built to store materials that need protection from either direct sunshine or rain, such as carpentry, soft roofing felt, etc.

Roads must be laid to the storage areas. When storing assem- bly units within the working range of the crane, the stacking sites for various units must be selected so that, in order to con- vey the units to the planned position, the crane would have to move as little as possible and make a minimal number of boom turns. For that purpose, units of the same type should be stored at various sites beside the building under construction. The heavier elements and the most frequently used materials must be stored closer to the crane.

Requirements for storage of assembly units: 1 Precast elements must be stored in the technological order of assembly as close to the mounting site as possible. Suggestions for calculating resource requirements 3 Piles should be provided with labels where the type and quantity of the components are indicated. In principle, the construction site should be provided with materials according to the construction schedule.

Nowadays there is no need to store large amount of materials on site in urban conditions; smart and flexible planning is preferred instead. However, possible delays should be considered and for that reason there should be space foreseen and indicated on construction site layout for storing reasonable amount of con- struction materials. The situation is different in case of building in unsettled regions. For these cases, the storage area should be calculated by types of materials and drawn on construction site layout.

Materials sensible for moist and other weather conditions should be placed under pents. Precast concrete elements, construction blocks, bricks and lum- ber can be piled in open storage area.

Needed space should be calculated according to their specification. Large precast ele- ments should be placed as close to their working position as possible in order to prevent multiple unnecessary liftings from one place to another. Passages in between the piles have to be between every two piles along the length of the building and not less than every 25 m across the building. In between the piles along the build- ing every 15—20 m, there should be transit points of at least 1 m in width to ensure free passage.

If the storage site is adjacent to a recess, the locations of the piles must be planned outside the borders of the collapsing prism of an unsupported slope. If the assembly units are stored nearer the recess, a control calculation for the slope stability is performed, taking into account the dynamic loads, and slopes will be buttressed if necessary.

The sites for unloading from vehicles, and the vehicle roads, are added to the construction site layout with the intention that the crane need not change the outreach of the lifting hook and fly-jib when conveying components to their planned positions.

When calculating the space necessary for storage, the quantity of materials required per day and labour intensity, from which the maximum daily requirements is derived, must be considered. This depends on the location of the construction site and mate- rial providers, intensity of construction schedule, risk bearing in case of delay, etc. Material Measurement Average storage unit space required m2 per unit of material M1 1 Steel, reinforcement t 1.

When planning construction works in relation to a certain pro- ject, it is wise to specify the necessary materials reserve norm in days depending on the agreed procurement charts and cal- culate the storage needs according to materials specification for the particular project. Temporary access roads must be built for separately situated storage.

The dimensions of storage sites and the types of units stored must be indicated on the construction site layout. It is not acceptable to stack different types of units into one pile. Receiving sites for mortar and concrete must also be indicated.

For non-draining soils, a non-watertight layer of ground is laid with a thickness of 5—10 cm. Depending on their structural solution, the temporary buildings can be built either for one-time use or they can be prefabricated structures, which are designed for frequent displacement and usage on different construction sites.

From the point of view of mobility and structural peculiarity, temporary buildings are classified as trailer, segment or con- tainer type. Segment or prefabricated buildings are assembled on site from prefabricated and unified manufactured panels. From these unified panels, it is possible to complete various buildings with desired floor plans and spa- tial solutions. Bolt joints make the assembly and dismantling of panels easy and fast. A container-type building is a prefabricated building mounted on a rigid frame from which a building complex with the nec- essary function, size and floor plan is completed on site.

This kind of container building can come in various sizes and vari- ous supply levels according to the purpose of the building. Temporary sanitary rooms can also be located in the adjusted buildings on construction sites that have buildings due for later demolition.

A first-aid post is foreseen on any construction site where over people work. On the construction site layout, the overall dimensions of build- ings, the linking of buildings and utility networks, construction site passages as well and access roads must be indicated. Suggestions for calculating resource requirements In the explication of temporary buildings and facilities, the number and name of each should be indicated in terms of their cubage m3 , area m2 , trade mark or structural solution.

In principle, it is possible to calculate these separately but con- sidering that fire water is most crucial and essential between these we can simplify the calculations by assuming that if the need in fire water is guaranteed then it will cover the water capacity for production and general needs also.

The conduit diameter for fire water must be at least mm. The alignment of the temporary water conduit and the loca- tions of fire hydrants maximum distance m from potential fire have to be indicated on the construction site layout.

If it is planned to use natural bodies of water as fire water sources, then proper hydrants and access roads for vehicles have to be built and clearly visible signs of locations, distances and traffic scheme to the hydrants must be installed on the con- struction site.

In addition, the construction site has to be equipped with fire extinguishers according to fire regulations as well as a fire pro- tection cabinet including axes, crowbar, shovels and a gaff and a sandbox at least 0.

In all cases, the need in fire water has to be verified with local fire and safety regulations. Temporary heat supply systems are used during construction work and are dismantled thereafter.

The design of a temporary heating supply for construction includes the following: 1 Total requirement of heating energy for the construction object or complex is calculated separately for all consumers.

In order to determine the quantity of air and heat energy necessary to dry the building, extra calculations are required, including calculations of the heat energy needed to vaporise moisture from structures and heat the air in the building.

Such a situation can occur prior to building handover when intensive drying requires a lot of heat energy. Temporary heating units can operate on gas, liquid fuel or coal as well as electricity. Other Publications. Construction Cost Handbook - Singapore download full pdf 8. Construction Cost Handbook - Philippines Download full pdf pdf 4. Construction Cost Handbook - Malaysia Download pdf 6. Construction Cost Handbook - Singapore download full pdf 9. Construction Cost Handbook - Malaysia Download full pdf 3.

Construction Cost Handbook - Philippines Download full pdf Construction Cost Handbook - Vietnam Download full pdf Merritt McCabe Gladfelter and Brian L. Olsen Bannon Edgett and Allen M. Williams Borg Mullin Merritt A.